Translation glossary: Patricia Casey - español/inglés

Perennial, warm temperate zone (Old and New Worlds) herb or subshrub, 3-7 feet high, with light, spreading, pinnate foliage (feathery appearance) and spikes of small blue, violet, cream colored flowers. 
Genus Glycyrrhiza contains 14 species with G. Glabra being the chief source of the drug. 
Parts used are dried runners and roots, harvested in autumn of the third or fourth season. 
One of the most extensively used and scientifically investigated herbal products

II. Chemical Composition

Major active component is glycyrrhizin (6-10%). 
Glycyrrhizin is cleaved by intestinal flora to glycyrrhetinic acid and a disaccharide. 
Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is a licorice extract with the glycyrrhizin removed. 
Other important constituents include flavonoids, isoflavonoids, chalcones, coumarins, triterpenoids, sterols, starch (2-20%), sucrose and glucose (3-14%), lignins, amino acids, amines, gums, volatile oils.

III. History and Folk Use

Use dates back several thousand years in both Western and Eastern cultures. 
Traditional uses: peptic ulcers, asthma, pharyngitis, malaria, abdominal pain, insomnia, infections. 
Also used as a vehicle for disguising taste of acrid / bitter medicines. 
Other uses: brewers add licorice to porter and stout beer to give thickness and blackness; black licorice is used in manufacture of tobacco.

IV. Pharmacology (active compounds are glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, and flavonoids).

Estrogenic activity 
1. alterative action on estrogen metabolism. 
2. estrogenic activity is due to its isoflavone content. 
3. glycyrrhetinic acid antagonizes estrogens 
4. experimental animal studies using crude licorice extract suggest estrogenic activity of isoflavones is more important than estrogen antagonism of glycyrrhetic acid. 
Pseudoaldosterone activity 
causes loss of potassium along with sodium and water retention, resulting in increased blood pressure. 
results from glycyrrhetinic acid inhibition of aldosterone breakdown by 5-beta-reductase in the liver. 
5-beta reductase also responsible for inactivating cortisol and progesterone in addition to aldosterone. 
Antiinflammatory antiallergic activity 
1. "cortisol-like-effects" plus antagonism of negative effects of cortisol (increased cholesterol synthesis, thymus atrophy, adrenal atrophy). 
2."cortisol-like-effects" of licorice include: inhibition of antibody formation, inhibition of stress reaction and inflammation. 
3. "cortisol-like-effects" of licorice are due to inhibition of cortisol degradation in the liver by 5-beta-reductase, and inhibition of phospholipase A2 (first step in the synthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes). 
Immunostimulatory /antiviral effects 
1. glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid induce interferons. 
2. interferons bind to cell surfaces, and stimulate synthesis of intracellular proteins that block viral DNA. 
3. interferons also activate macrophages, and increase natural killer cell activity. 
4. viruses inhibited include: vaccina, Newcastle disease, vesicular stomatitis, herpes simplex 1 (irreversible), HIV. 
Antibacterial activity 
alcohol extracts show in vitro activity against Staph aureus, Strep mitans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans. 
majority of effects are due to isoflavonoids. 
Antihepatotoxic activity 
inhibition of chemically-induced liver damage in animal studies. 
mechanism believed to be inhibition of free radical formation by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase.

V. Clinical Uses of Licorice

Oral

Deglycyrrhinized licorice (DGL) 
peptic ulcers (most popular) 
canker sores 
Viral infections 
Inflammation 
Menstrual and menopausal disorders 
Topical glycyrrhetinic acid

Herpes 
Eczema 
Psoriasis

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mum's friend/girlfriend

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lugar de reunión habitual de los bohemios

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bohemian hangout

guarida de los bohemios

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Chicken stew in a dry potato and ground peanut sauce

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cartuchos antitumulto

anti-riot shells

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certificado oficial de fin de obra

official certificate of completion

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Contracturas musculares aisladas

Isolated events of muscle rigidity/spasm/spasticity

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contrato de subarrendamiento

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ejecutivos comerciales

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Histología y Embriología bucodentaria

Oral Histology and Embriology

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histology (his·tol·o·gy) (his-tol¢[schwa]-je) [histo- + -logy] that department of anatomy which deals with the minute structure, composition, and function of the tissues; called also microscopic anatomy.

==============================

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la aparición de síntomas

the appearance of symptoms

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licenciado en Bellas Artes

Degree in Fine Arts

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los padres fundadores (en EEUU)

the founding fathers (in the US)

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malvavisco

marshmallow

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material galvanizado en continuo

continuous galvanised material

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4. Continuous Galvanizing

4.1. Products

Starting from high purity zinc, alloying elements can be added to produce galvanized coatings with different properties. These products can be used in a wide variety of applications and climates. The family of continuous galvanized coatings includes galvanized, electrogalvanized, galvanneal, Galvalume® and Galfan® coatings.

Galvanized

A pure zinc coating that is the standard continuous galvanized product typically used in building panels, steel framing, agricultural and automotive applications, as well as in numerous other functions. It has good surface finish and adhesion properties.

Electrogalvanized

Steel sheet with an electroplated zinc coating that has an ultra-smooth surface finish which is desirable for surface critical parts such as automotive exterior body panels. The coating thickness for electrogalvanized sheet is typically lower than for a hot-dip galvanized product. Electrogalvanized coatings generally use pure zinc although alloy coatings (Zn-Fe, Zn-Ni) are also commercialised.

Galvanneal

A zinc-iron alloy coating with improved paintability, weldability and drawability, Galvanneal is used in the automotive industry because of its improved manufacturing performance in models which use lighter and stronger grades of steel.

Galvalume®

Galvalume is a zinc-55% aluminum alloy coating with superior corrosion resistance for applications without severe forming. It is widely used for painted and unpainted building panels and roofing and for higher temperature applications in vehicle powertrain and heat-reflective components.

Galfan®

Galfan is a zinc-5% aluminum coating with superior corrosion resistance when formed. It is used for painted building panels and for severely formed components, such as automotive parts and domestic appliances intended for corrosive environments. Galfan coated steel is noted for its outstanding coating adhesion, making it ideal for deep drawn and "zero-thickness" bend applications.

Merceología

Physical Chemistry

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